Orthodontic treatment of cleft lip
and palate patients using 3D printing
and indirect bracket placement
by Drs. Dustin Burleson and Brandon Simister
Introduction
At the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Dentistry, we have the privilege of
treating patients through the Smiles Change Lives program. This case involved a patient
with a cleft lip and palate, highlighting the vital role of advanced 3D technology in
contemporary orthodontics. By integrating intraoral scanners, CBCT and 3D printers, we
can ensure precise diagnosis, treatment planning and seamless collaboration with our
craniofacial surgeons.
Our young patient presented with a concave facial profile because of a midface
deficiency (Fig. 1). His maxillary teeth were in anterior crossbite, and there was a
notable mucogingival defect around the cleft site. The cleft was quite large, adding to the
complexity of the case (Figs. 2 and 3).
Fig. 2a
Fig. 2b
Fig. 3
For orthodontic treatment, we planned to expand the maxilla and use a reverse-pull
facemask1 and lower fixed appliances to correct the patient’s anterior crossbite.
This comprehensive approach addressed the patient’s functional issues and improved
their overall facial structure for better long-term results. The patient and his parent were
made aware that, because of the
underlying skeletal dysplasia, future
orthognathic surgery is likely.
Case presentation
Cleft lip and palate can affect the
alignment of teeth, development of
the jaw and overall facial structure.
Orthodontic treatment aims not only
to achieve dental alignment and functional
occlusion, but also to enhance
facial symmetry and support overall
oral health and speech.
Orthodontic treatment for cleft lip
and palate patients is personalized
and often requires a phased approach.
Treatment often starts early, focusing
on aligning the teeth and jaws before
preparing for surgical interventions
such as bone grafting. As the patient
grows and develops, the treating
orthodontist and craniofacial team
determine the optimal timing for alveolar
bone graft surgery. This ensures
that the permanent lateral incisor or
canine can erupt through the bone
graft, facilitating proper integration
and support of the repair.2
While most cases require similar
foundational steps, such as expansion
and alignment, 3D printing technology
improves precision and outcomes.
3D printing has completely changed
orthodontics since the late 1990s,
allowing orthodontists to create
custom appliances, surgical guides,
splints and models with unparalleled
accuracy.3 For this case, we
used in-house 3D printers not only to
assist with diagnosis and treatment
planning, but also to communicate
with the craniofacial surgeon, plan
desired orthodontic eruption mechanics
(Figs. 4 and 5), and fabricate
splints and indirect bonding trays for
bracket placement.
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig. 6
Treatment progress
Initially, we used a rapid palatal
expander and instructed the patient
to turn the expander one turn every
other day for four weeks. This helped
to begin the necessary expansion. Primary
teeth within the cleft side were
extracted after expansion (Fig. 6).
For alignment, 0.022-inch slot MBT
(McLaughlin, Bennett, Trevisi) twin
brackets were bonded on the maxillary
and mandibular arches using Dibs
by OrthoSelect segmented indirect
bonding trays. The precision of digital
bracket placement and CBCT imaging
allows us to verify the UR1 root tip is
positioned away from the cleft site.
Before the bone graft, we created a
customized splint using 3D printing
and modification in conjunction with
the craniofacial surgeon’s preferences.
The timing of the bone graft was
crucial, especially because the right
permanent canine had a very thin
or even absent bone on the mesial
surface within the cleft. To prevent
the graft from contacting the cementum
or enamel surface, and because
of delayed surgical timing and dental
development, the graft was completed
after partial canine eruption.
See progress images (Figs. 7 and 8) for
the CT slices before and two months
after bone grafting, respectively.
Fig.7
Fig.8
We referred the patient for exposure
of the impacted maxillary right
permanent canine tooth (UR3), which
was then brought into the arch.
After exposure, the UR3 erupted
significantly on its own. We bonded
an eyelet to the canine with a
0.13 overlay wire to help guide its
position during orthodontic extrusion
and with light traction from the
distal, as planned in our virtual 3D
workup. This highlights how 3D printing
allows us to design and fabricate
accurate models when treating cleft
lip and palate patients so that indirect
bonding trays and surgical splints
can be tailored to our patient’s unique
anatomy (Figs. 9–11).
- Before the bone graft, we aligned
the roots away from the cleft
site to create an ideal site for
graft integration and future
tooth movement.
- Intraoral scanners generate accurate
digital models4 of dental and
soft-tissue structures, eliminating
the discomfort associated with
traditional impression materials—
an important advantage for
patients with cleft lip and palate,
who often have scarring, tight orofacial
tissues and shallow vestibular
spaces. Concurrently, CBCT
imaging offers precise assessment
and measurement of the bony clefts and facilitates detailed planning
for orthodontic intervention
and surgical preparation.
- Using digital models created
from intraoral scanners and
CBCT images, we designed and
fabricated custom palatal splints
precisely tailored to the patient’s
unique anatomy.
- Indirect bonding trays allowed
for accurate bracket placement,
which is crucial for effective
orthodontic treatment.
3D printing ensured better preparation
for surgery, which might not be
as finely tuned in cases without this
technology. This enhances treatment
outcomes and also contributes to a
more comfortable orthodontic experience
for patients.
Conclusion
At UMKC School of Dentistry, we
employ a customized orthodontic
approach using 3D technology that
significantly enhances patient outcomes
and quality of life, particularly
in complex orthodontic cases. Through
detailed treatment planning and the
integration of 3D printing technology,
we effectively addressed the intricate
orthodontic needs of our patient.
We will monitor the stability of the
achieved correction and measure continued
jaw growth for possible orthognathic
surgery in this challenging
case, currently in the finishing stages
of this phase of treatment (Figs. 12
and 13). Regular check-ups will be essential to maintaining progress and
promptly addressing any emerging
issues with relapse, speech and oral
health related to the underlying cleft
lip and palate.
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Reference
1. Vaughn GA, Mason B, Moon HB, Turley PK. The effects of
maxillary protraction therapy with or without rapid palatal
expansion: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004; 128(3): 299–309.
2. Kim J, Jeong W. Secondary bone grafting for alveolar clefts:
surgical timing, graft materials, and evaluation methods.
Arch Craniofac Surg. 2022; 23(2):53–58.
3. Dawood A, Marti Marti B, Sauret-Jackson V, Darwood A.
3D printing in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2015 Dec; 219(11): 521–9.
4. Luu NS, Nikolcheva LG, Retrouvey JM, Flores-Mir C, El-Bialy
T, Carey JP, Major PW. Linear measurements using virtual
study models. Angle Orthod. 2012 Nov; 82(6):1098–106.
Dr. Dustin Burleson earned his dental
degree and certificate in orthodontics
from the University of Missouri–Kansas
City and an MBA from New Charter
University. Board-certified by the
American Board of Orthodontics, he
treats cleft palate patients at Saint
Luke’s and Children’s Mercy Hospitals.
Asdirector of the Leo H. Rheam
Foundation for Cleft and Craniofacial
Orthodontics and a provider for Smiles
Change Lives, Burleson is dedicated to
serving his community. He enjoys life with
his wife and three children, and hobbies
including cycling, golfing and sailing.
Dr. Brandon Simister is a third-year
orthodontic resident at the University of
Missouri–Kansas City. Originally from
St.George, Utah, Simister brings a unique
perspective to orthodontics, drawing on
the discipline and teamwork practiced
as a former college basketball player.
Simister is eager to continue to learn
the latest research and techniques to
implement into their future practice, while
striving to create healthy, beautiful smiles
for all patients.